Human Trafficking di Uni Eropa: Pendekatan Konstruktivis Atas Sikap Uni Eropa Terhadap Pemberitaan Media
Abstract
Perdagangan manusia di Uni Eropa merupakan sebuah masalah yang terus menerus mendapatkan perhatian, dan begitu intensnya perhatian ini menimbulkan sejumlah pertanyaan, yakni konstruksi ‘perdagangan manusia Eropa’ sebagai ‘perdagangan budak kulit putih baru’ oleh media Eropa, pengaruh konstruksi ini terhadap bagaimana negara-negara anggota Uni Eropa menyikapi isu perdagangan manusia, dan hubungannya dengan politik internasional dan globalisasi secara lebih luas. Menggunakan konsep konstruktivisme yang menyatakan bahwa realitas dikonstruksi secara sosial oleh sejarah dan masyarakat, tulisan ini mengeksplorasi peranan media dalam mengonstruksikan ‘perdagangan manusia’ sebagai sebuah tindakan kriminal serta dan menganalisa sikap negara (state) yang menggunakan konstruksi isu tersebut untuk menjustifikasi ketakutan mereka akan “ancaman perbatasan akibat integrasi Uni Eropa.” Tulisan ini diharapkan dapat menyoroti peranan media dalam membentuk representasi-representasi yang kemudian dianggap sebagai ‘realitas’ dan pengaruh ‘realitas’ tersebut terhadap kebijakan luar negeri aktor international.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Baylis, S., Smith, S., & Owens, P. (2013). The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (6th ed.) Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Butler, K. (1997). Tricked, beaten and sold as a sex slave. The Independent. Diakses dari https://www.independent.co.uk/news/tricked-beaten-and-sold-as-a-sex-slave-the-diary-of-mia-aged-14-1235529.html
Breuil, B., Siegel, D., van Reenen, P., Beijer, A., & Roos, L. (2011). Human trafficking revisited: legal, enforcement and ethnographic narratives on sex trafficking to Western Europe. Trends Organ Crim, 14, 30–46. doi:10.1007/s12117-011-9118-0
Constantinou, A. G. (2017). Harming the very people whom the law is seeking to protect? The nexus between international, European Union and domestic law on human trafficking and undercover police operations. New Journal of European Criminal Law, 8(4), 476–495. doi:10.1177/2032284417743145
Dovkants, K. (2002). The Albanian sex slave trade. London Evening Standard. Diakses dari https://www.standard.co.uk/news/the-albanian-sex-slave-trade-6318766.html
Dalla, R., Baker, L., Defrain, J., & Williamson, C. (2011). Global Perspectives on Prostitution and Sex Trafficking: Europe, Latin America, North America, And Global. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Dunne, T., Kurki, M., & Smith, S. (2016). International Relations Theory: Discipline and Diversity (4th ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Eurostat. (2015). Trafficking in human beings: 2015 edition. Diakses dari https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3888793/6648090/KS-TC-14-008-EN-1.pdf/b0315d39-e7bd-4da5-8285-854f37bb8801
European Commission. (2018). Data collection on trafficking in human beings in the EU. Migration and Home Affairs. Diakses dari https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-security/20181204_data-collection-study.pdf
European Parliament. (2000). European Parliament resolution on the communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament ‘For further actions in the fight against trafficking in women’. Diakses dari https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?reference=P5-TA-2000-0248&type=TA&language=EN&redirect
Finnemore, M., & Sikkink, K. (1998). International norm dynamics and political change. International Organization, 52(4), 887-917. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Friesendorf, C. (2007). Pathologies of security governance: Efforts against human trafficking in Europe. Security Dialogue, 38(3), 379–402. doi:10.1177/0967010607081518
Goldberg, S. (2017). Sexuality and Equality Law. New York, NY: Routledge.
Hughes, D. M. (2014). Trafficking in human beings in the European Union. SAGE Open, 4(4), 215824401455358. doi:10.1177/2158244014553585
IOM. (2006). Human Trafficking Survey: Belarus, Bulgaria, Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine. Diakses dari http://lastradainternational.org/doc-center/1281/human-trafficking-survey-belarus-bulgaria-moldova-romania-and-ukraine
Jakobsson, N., & Kotsadam, A. (2013). The law and economics of international sex slavery: Prostitution laws and trafficking for sexual exploitation. European Journal of Law and Economics, 35(1), 87-107. doi:10.1007/s10657-011-9232-0
Krzyzanowski, M., & Wodak, R. (2009). The Politics of Exclusion: Debating Migration in Austria. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Lindstrom, N. (2004). Regional sex trafficking in the Balkans: Transnational networks in an enlarged Europe. Problems of Post-Communism, 51(3), 45-52. doi:10.1080/10758216.2004.11052168
Makisaka, M. (2009). Human trafficking: A brief overview. World Bank. Diakses dari http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362-1239390842422/6012763-1239905793229/Human_Trafficking.pdf
McClintock, A., Mufti, A., & Shohat, E. (1997). Dangerous Liaisons: Gender, Nation, and Postcolonial Perspectives. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Moore, K., Gross, B., & Threadgold, T. (2012). Migrations and the Media: Global Crises and the Media. New York, NY: Peter Lang
O’Brien, E. (2016). Human trafficking heroes and villains: Representing the Problem in Anti-Trafficking Awareness Campaigns. Social & Legal Studies, 25(2), 205–224. doi:10.1177/0964663915593410
Pearson, E. (2001). Human rights and trafficking in persons: A handbook. Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW). Diakses dari https://gaatw.org/books_pdf/Human%20Rights%20and%20Trafficking%20in%20Person.pdf
Reus-Smit, C. (2005). Constructivism. Dalam Theories of International Relations (3rd ed.), 212-236. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Segrave, M., Milivojevic, S., & Pickering, S. (2018). Sex Trafficking and Modern Slavery: The Absence of Evidence. New York, NY: Routledge.
Spencer, M. (1998). Contraband women – A special report: Traffickers' new cargo: Naive Slavic women. The New York Times. Diakses dari https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/11/world/contraband-women-a-special-report-traffickers-new-cargo-naive-slavic-women.html
Spiegel Online. (2013). Unprotected: How Legalizing Prostitution Has Failed. Diakses dari http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/human-trafficking-persists-despite-legality-of-prostitution-in-germany-a-902533-3.html
Stehr, N., & Adolf, M. (2018). Knowledge/power/resistance. Society, 55(2), 193–198. doi:10.1007/s12115-018-0232-3
Stoler, A. (2010). Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
Surtees, R. (2008). Traffickers and trafficking in Southern and Eastern Europe: Considering the other side of human trafficking. European Journal of Criminology, 5(1), 39-68. doi:10.1177/1477370807084224.
Wendt, A. (1999). Social Theory of International Politics. London, UK: Cambridge University Press.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.