RISIKO NUKLIR DAN RESPON PUBLIK TERHADAP BENCANA NUKLIR FUKUSHIMA DI JEPANG

Upik Sarjiati

Abstract

In the post-Fukushima nuclear disaster, the use of nuclear as safe, cheap and reliable energy resources is contested. Some actors are considered that nuclear energy is danger for human and environment for long term period. On the other hand, other actors are believed that nuclear is still important energy resources for Japan’s economic development. Risk arises as consequences of science and technology development. Some studies explained Fukushima nuclear disaster focusing on disaster management, energy politics, and technical aspect. Different to previous studies, this article aimsto analyze contestation of knowledge in risk nuclear construction in the post-Fukushima nuclear disaster. Risk is not only real, but also constructed by various institution and actors such as government, academicians, bureaucrats, scientists, and Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) as nuclear reactor operator. Contestation of knowledge in nuclear risk construction comprises spreading and impact of nuclear radiation, the food safety standard, and a victim categorization that determine the parties entitled compensation. Contestation of knowledge and construction of nuclear risk urge new uncertainty in modern society. Thus, public take strategies cope with the new uncertainty by carrying out anti-nuclear movement and citizen science. 


Keywords:risk society, nuclear, Fukushima, Japan


Abstrak

Pasca bencana nuklir Fukushima, pemanfaatan nuklir sebagai sumber energi yang aman, murah dan dapat diandalkan kembali diperdebatkan. Berbagai pihak menilai energi nuklir dapat membahayakan kehidupan manusia dan lingkungan dalam jangka panjang. Di sisi lain, beberapa pihak berpendapat bahwa nuklir masih menjadi sumber energi yang penting bagi pembangunan ekonomi Jepang. Risiko nuklir merupakan salah satu bentuk risiko yang timbul sebagai konsekuensi kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. Beberapa penelitian telah membahas bencana nuklir dari sudut pandang manajemen bencana, politik energi, dan teknik. Berbeda dengan penelitian sebelumnya, artikel ini menggunakan pendekatan risk society untuk mengkaji kontestasi pengetahuan dalam konstruksi risiko nuklir pasca bencana nuklir Fukushimayang melibatkan  pemerintah, akademisi, media, birokrat, ilmuwan, dan Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) sebagai operator reaktor nuklir. Kontestasi pengetahuan dalam konstruksi resiko nuklir mencakup penyebaran dan dampak radiasi nuklir, standar keamanan pangan, dan kategorisasi korban bencana nuklir untuk menenentukan pihak yang berhak mendapatkan kompensasi. Kontestasi pengetahuan dan konstruksi resiko nuklir menyebabkan suatu ketidakpastian baru dalam masyarakat modern. Oleh karena itu, publik melakukan strategi untuk menghadapi risiko nuklir dan ketidakpastian dengan melakukan gerakan anti-nuklir dan citizen science.

Kata kunci: masyarakat beresiko, nuklir, Fukushima, Jepang 

Keywords

Social resilience

Full Text:

PDF

References

Aldrich, D.P. (2008). Site Fights: Divisive Facilities and Civil cociety in Japan and the West. New York: Cornell Univeristy Press.

--------- (2013). “Post-Fukushima Nuclear Politics in Japan, part 3: Empowerd Anti-nuclear sentiment.” The Monkey Cage, 3 April. Diakses tanggal 10 Januari 2014 (http://themonkeycage.org/2013/04/03/post-fukushima-nuclear-politics-in-japan-part-3-empoweed-anti-nuclear-sentiment/).

Almeida, P. & Stearns, L. B. (1998). “Political opportunities and local grassroots environmental movements: The case of Minamata”. Sociological Problem 45, 1: 37-60.

Aoki, M. (2012). “Cesium Contamination in Food Apperas to be on Wane”. Japan Times, 19 Sept. Diakses tanggal 15 Januari 2013 (http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2012/09/25/reference/cesium-contamination-in-food-appears-to-be-on-wane/)

Atomic Bomb Museum. (2014). “Health Effect”. Diakses tanggal 20 Oktober 2014 (http://atomicbombmuseum.org/3_health.shtml)

Epstein, S. (1996). Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Beck, U. (1992). Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: SAGE publication

------------(1999). World Risk Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.

CNN. (2011). “New Survey Finds Radiation in Tokyo Food Supply”. CNN, 21 Oktober. Diakses tanggal 12 Oktober 2012 (http://travel.cnn.com/tokyo/eat/greenpeace-survey-finds-radiation-tokyo-food-supply-330402)

CNIC. (2011a). “Statement by Scienties and Engineers Concerning Fukushima Daichi Nuclear Plant”. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2013 (http://www.cnic.jp/english/topics/safety/earthquake/fukukk23mar11.html)

--------. (2011b). Petition Concerning Radiological Impact of

Fukushima Daichi Nuclear Power. Diakses tanggal 12 Oktober 2011 (http://www.cnic.jp/english/topics/safety/earthquake/fukurad28mar11.html)

-------- (2011c). Statement by scienties and engineer concerning Fukushima Daichi nuclear plant. Diakses tanggal 12 Oktober 2012. (http://www.cnic.jp/english/topics/safety/earthquake/fukukk19may11.html).

Ishizuka, H. (2011). “Cesium from Fukushima Plant Fell all over Japan”. Asahi Shimbun, 26 November 2011. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2013 (http://ajw.asahi.com/article/0311disaster/fukushima/AJ201111260001)

Harlan, C. (2011). “In Japan, Nuclear Bestseller Reflect New Debate”. The Washington Post. 19 Juli 2011. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2013 (http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-pacific/in-japan-nuclear-bestsellers-reflect-new-debate/2011/07/16/gIQATh5QNI_story.html).

Hiroaki, K. (2011). “The Truth about Nuclear Power: Japanese Nuclear Enginer Calls for Abolition. The Asia-Pacific Journal 9, No. 31. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2013 (http://www.japanfocus.org/-Satoko-NORIMATSU2/3582).

Japan Daily Press (JDP). (2013). “Human Right Experts Call for Revision to UN Report on Fukushima Radiation”. Diakses tanggal 17 Januari 2014 (http://japandailypress.com/human-rights-experts-call-for-revisions-to-un-report-on-fukushima-radiation-2538523/)

Japan Press Weekly. (2013). “Anti-nuclear Power Action Commemorating Fukushima Accident Held Nationwide”. Diakses tanggal 17 Januari 2014 (http://www.japan-press.co.jp/s/news/?id=5347).

Jasanoff, S. (2008). “Bhopal’s Trials of Knowledge and Ignorance”. New England Law Review 42(4): 679-692.

Jenks, A.L. (2011). Perils of Progress: Environmental disasters in twentieth century. Boston: Prentice-Hall.

Kohso, S. (2012). “Rise of the New Collective Intellect-from Apocalyptic Disaster and Mass Inusrrection (2011)”. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 13, No. 1, 159-164.

Lesbirel, H.S. (1998). NIMBY politics in Japan: Energy Sitting and the Management of Environemental Conflict. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Lynch, R.A. (2011). “Foucault’s Theory of Power”. dalam D. Taylor (ed.), 2011. Michel Foucault: Key Concept. Durham, UK: Acumen

Murillo, L.FR. (2012). “New Expert Eyes over Fukushima: Open Sources Responses to the Nuclear Crisis in Japan”. Diakses tanggal 3 Juni 2011 (https://fukushimaforum.wordpress.com)

Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW). (2012). “New Standard Limits for Radionuclides in Foods”. Diakses tanggal 12 Maret 2013 (http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/topics/2011eq/dl/new_standard.pdf)

Oiwa, K. (2001). Rowing the eternal sea: The story of a Minamata Fishermen. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publisher, Inc.

Onitsuka, H. (2012). “Hooked on Nuclear Power: Japanese State-local Relation and the Vicious Cycle on Nuclear Dependence.” The Asia-Pacific Journal 10, no. 1 (January). Diakses tanggal 10 Agustus 2012 (http://www.japanfocus.org/-Hiroshi-Onitsuka/3677).

Penney, M. (2011). “The Voices of Ten Million: Anti-nuclar Petition Movement Launched in Japan”. Diakses tanggal 10 Agustus 2012 ( http://www.japanfocus.org/events/view/102)

Petryna, A. (2002). Life Exposed: Biological Citizens after Chernobyl. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Reuters. (2013). “Insight: After Disaster, the Deadliest Part of Japan’s Nuclear Clean-up”. Reuters, Agustus 2013. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2014 (http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/14/us-japan-fukushima-insight-idUSBRE97D00M20130814).

Sarjiati, U. (2014). Kontestasi Pengetahuan dan Konstruksi Resiko Bencana: Kasus Minamta dan Nuklir Fukushima. Jurnal Global & Strategis, 8 (2): 215-231.

Soranse, M.P. & Christiansen, A. (2013). Ulrich Beck: An introduction to the theory of second modernity and the risk society. New York: Routledge.

Tanimura, N. (2013). “Radioaktif Contamination of Japanese Tea After the Fukushima Nuclear Accident”. Nuke Info Tokyo 152, Jan/Feb. Diakses tanggal 20 Oktober 2013 (http://www.cnic.jp/english/newsletter/nit152/nit152articles/02_Japanesetea.html).

TEPCO. (2011a). “Payment of Temporary Compensation for Damages Caused by Evacuation”. Press Release, 15 April 2011. Diakses tanggal 12 Maret 2013 (http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11041501-e.html).

--------- (2011b). “Permanent Compensation for Nuclear Damages by the Accident at Fukushima Daichi Nuclear Power Station and Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Station”. Press Release, 30 Agustus 2011. Diakses tanggal 12 Maret 2013 (http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11083007-e.html).

-------- (2012). “Start of Compensation Payouts for Voluntary Evacuees from Southern Fukushima Prefecture”. Press Release, 11 Juni 2012. Diakses tanggal 14 Maret 2013 (http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/2012/1205326_1870.html).

Tomomi, Y&Ruiko, M. (2012). “Muto Ruiko and the Movement of Fukushima Resident to Pursue Criminal Charges Againts TEPCO Executive and Government Officials.” The Asia-Pacific Journal 10, 27 (2). Diakses tanggal 14 Maret 2013 (http://japanfocus.org/-Muto-Ruiko/3784).

The Asahi Shimbun. (2015). “Editorial: Consesus-building Process Needed for Nuclear Policy Decision”. The Asahi Shimbun. Diakses tanggal 4 Februari 2015 http://ajw.asahi.com/article/views/editorial/AJ201501060058

The National Diet of Japan. 2012. Official Report of The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission.Tokyo: The National Diet of Japan

UNSCEAR. (2013). “No Immediate Health Risks from Fukushima Nuclear Accident Says UN Expert Science Panel”. Press Release, 2013 May 31. Diakses tanggal 19 November 2013 (http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/en/pressrels/2013/unisinf475.html).

Wataru, I. et.al. (2012). “Tyroid Cancer in Fukushima: Science Subverted in the Service of State”. Diakses tanggal 14 Maret 2013 (http://www.japanfocus.org/-Iwata-Wataru/3841).

World Health Organization (WHO). (2012). Preliminary Dose Estimation from Nuclear Accident after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. Geneva: WHO. Diakses tanggal 19 November 2013 (http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44877/1/9789241503662_eng.pdf)

Yorifuji, T. et al. (2013). “Minamata Disease: A Challenge for Democracy and Justice”. Late Lessons from Early Warnings: Science, Precaution, Innovation. Copenhagen, Denmark: European Environment Agency. Diakses tanggal 27 Agustus 2013 (http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/late-lessons-2).

Yoshida, R. (2013). “Experts Play Down Fish Radiation Fear”. The Japan Times, Oct 20, 2013. Diakses tanggal 14 Maret 2014 (http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/10/20/national/experts-play-down-fish-radiation-fear/)

Zinn, J.O. (2008). “Introduction: The Contribution of Sociology to Discourse on Risk and Uncertainty”. dalam Zinn, Jens.O (ed.), 2008. Social Theories of Risk and Uncertainty: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing

Copyright (c) 2018 Jurnal Kajian Wilayah
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.