Migration, Ethnicity and Conflict in Southeast Asia

Riwanto Tirtosudarmo

Abstract

Konflik kekerasan merupakan ancaman paling nyata bagi pembangunan berkelanjutan dalam setiap masyarakat. Sumber konflik biasanya berasal dari peperangan antar-negara. Akan tetapi, selama lima puluh tahun terakhir, sumber konflik telah berubah dan sebagian besar berkaitan erat dengan proses nation-buliding di negara-negara pascakolonial, seperti di Asia, Afrika, dan Amerika Latin. Di negara-negara yang baru terbentuk, konflik yang bersumberkan pilihan ideologi negara adalah yang paling umum. Jika tidak terselesaikan, konflik berujung pada pemisahan atau pembagian wilayah negara-negara yang bersengketa, seperti kasus China-Taiwan, India-Pakistan, dan beberapa contoh konflik dalam kilas balik sejarah. Ketika ideologi berperan penting, konflik tidak bisa dilihat dari pengaruh faktor-faktor non-politik seperti demografi dan etnisitas saja. Konflik yang berdasarkan mayoritas-minoritas selalu terkait dengan komposisi demografis populasi tersebut di mana etnisitas, agama, dan ekonomi terbawa ke dalam konstelasi politik setelah Perang Dingin. Konflik etnis tidak terselesaikan dan terkadang berujung pada disintegrasi negara-bangsa. Terputusnya hubungan Uni Soviet dengan negara-negara satelitnya, pemisahan negara-negara bagian Yugoslavia, dan mungkin Indonesia merupakan beberapa contoh kasus ini. Myron Weiner, Thomas Homer-Dixon, dan Milica Zarkovis Bookman merupakan penggagas studi tentang hubungan antara demografi, politik, dan konflik. Komposisi etno-demografis dan pengaruhnya dalam proses nation-building telah ditelaah melalui berbagai macam teori terkait dengan konflik kekerasan. Tulisan ini merupakan sebuah upaya untuk memperkaya wacana tentang hubungan populasi dan konflik dengan mengacu kerangka pengetahuan yang ada dan bukti empiris yang terdapat di wilayah Asia Tenggara.


Kata kunci: demografi, migrasi, konflik etnis, negara-bangsa, konflik kekerasan, populasi.

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