Stakeholders Perspective on Forest Management: A Case Study of the Philippines
Abstract
Pembalakan hutan di Filipina telah berlangsung selama 40 tahun belakangan ini. Ada dua faktor pembalakan hutan ini. Pertama adalah faktor politik yang memerlakukan hutan sebagai komoditi dan keuntungan politik. Kedua adalah konversi hutan produksi menjadi lahan pertanian, seperti perkebunan sawit, tebu, dan sayur mayur. Di berbagai negara berkembang, seperti di Filipina, lahan hutan menjadi semakin sempit, akibat peningkatan populasi, pemukiman transmigran, khususnya peralihan lahan (kaingin) di perbukitan. Dampak pembalakan hutan ini dikritik oleh organisasi non-pemerintah dan akademisi, sebab aktifitas ini dapat menyebabkan bencana banjir, erosi tanah dan tanah longsor. Kerangka teoritis untuk menganalisa isu pembalakan hutan dan program pemulihannya (kebijakan pembalakan hutan, rehabilitasi hutan dan konsesi penebangan) menggunakan ekologi politik yang menggarisbawahi peran para pemangku kebijakan (stakeholders).
Hasil penelitian menunjukan aktifitas pembalakan hutan ini berdampak buruk. Para pengambil keputusan dan pemangku kebijakan yang berasal dari donor internasional mendukung upaya untuk merehabilitasi hutan, mengembalikan lahan hutan, dan reboisasi dengan memberikan konsesi penebangan pada pihak swasta (IFMA/ITPLA), sektor kerjasama, dan individual (SIFMA). Tujuan kebijakan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan produksi hutan dan menjaga area konservasi. Umumnya, organisasi non-pemerintah, petani lokal, dan akademisi merespon baik dan melibatkan diri dalam program ini, sebab aktifitas ini berdampak positiif bagi pemulihan kawasan hutan di masa depan.
Kata kunci: pembalakan hutan, rehabilitasi hutan, reboisasi, konsesi penebangan (IFMA dan SIFMA), Forest Management Bureau (FMB), pemangku kebijakan
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