Religion, Imperialism, and Resistance in Nineteenth Centurys Netherlands Indies and Spanish Philippines

Muhamad Ali

Abstract

Artikel ini menjelaskan bagaimana agama berfungsi sebagai pembenar imperialisme dan antiimperialisme, dengan mengkaji kekuatan imperialis Belanda di Hindia Belanda dan imperialis Spanyol di Filipina pada abad XIX. Pemerintah Kolonial Belanda tidaklah seberhasil pemerintah kolonial Spanyol dalam menjadikan jajahan mereka menjadi bangsa seperti mereka, meskipun agama digunakan sebagai alat dominasi. Bagi Spanyol, agama Katolik menjadi bagian peradaban mereka, dan menjadi bagian penting proyek kolonialisme mereka, sedangkan bagi pemerintah kolonial Belanda, agama Kristen tidak menjadi bagian penting kolonialisme mereka (kenyataan sejarah yang menolak anggapan umum di Indonesia bahwa kolonialisme Belanda dan kristenisasi sangat berhubungan). Misionaris Spanyol di Filipina menguasai daerah koloni melalui metode-metode keagamaan dan kebudayaan, sedangkan pemerintah kolonial Belanda, dan misionaris dari Belanda, harus berurusan dengan masyarakat yang sudah memeluk Islam di daerah-daerah Indonesia. Pemerintah Belanda mengizinkan kristenisasi dalam beberapa kasus asalkan tidak mengganggu umat Islam dan tidak mengganggu kepentingan ekonomi mereka.Akibatnya, mayoritas Filipina menjadi Katolik, sedangkan mayoritas Hindia Belanda tidak menjadi Protestan. Di sisi lain, agama juga berfungsi sebagai kekuatan antiimperialisme, seperti dalam penggunaan pasyon bagi sebagian bangsa Filipina yang Katolik, dan jihad dan ratu adil bagi sebagian masyarakat Hindia Belanda yang muslim. Penafsiran terhadap agama masing-masing dipengaruhi oleh konteks kolonial. Agama mengalami lokalisasi atau pembumian sebelum ia menjadi alat perjuangan antikolonialisme. Agama menjadi sistem budaya simbolik dan praktikal yang mereka butuhkan ketika mereka perlukan. Dalam situasi dibawah imperialisme, agama menjadi alat yang kuat untuk mendukung ketidakpuasan dan harapan.

Kata kunci: agama, imperialisme, antiimperialisme, kolonialisme, Hindia Belanda

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.14203/jkw.v1i1.133
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