Resilience and Hopelessness: Exploring the Mediator Role of Spirituality in the Global Situation of COVID-19
Abstract
This research aims to describe and to define the importance of spirituality as a mediator in the global pandemic situation of COVID-19 in Pakistan while having positive correlation with resilience and inverse with hopelessness. The correlational research design was used and data was gathered by simple random sampling and there was a use of standardized psychological instruments to measure the variables. The participants were (N=540) Pakistani general population (male and female) with the age range of 18–60. The outcomes revealed that resilience was positively correlated with spirituality (r=0.72; p <0.01) while spiritualty is negatively correlated with hopelessness (r=-0.76; p <0.01) and resilience was negatively correlated with hopelessness (r=-0.78, p <0.01). Mediation analysis shows that spirituality performed a strong intermediating role between resilience and hopelessness the direct effect of hopelessness on resilience was -5.9** whereas the indirect effect through spirituality was -1.7** and the total effect size was – 7.6**. It is revealed that spirituality has a strong impact on the resilience behavior and reduces the hopelessness even in the worldwide disastrous situation. This study enhances the literature related to the psychological research and prompts the role of spiritual coping strategies especially in the state of uncertainty like coronavirus pandemic.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdollahi, A., Talib, M. A., Yaacob, S. N., & Ismail, Z. (2015). The role of hardiness in decreasing stress and suicidal ideation in a sample of undergraduate students. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 55(2), 202–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167814543952
Abidi, S. A. & Majeed, M. T. (2019). Happiness and spirituality: An empirical analysis using divine perspectives in Pakistan. Empirical Economic Review, 2(1), 117–151. https://ojs.umt.edu.pk/index.php/eer/article/view/146
Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87(1), 49–74. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.49
Anwar, M., Green, J. A., Norris, P., & Bukhari, N. I. (2015). Self-medication, home remedies, and spiritual healing: Common responses to everyday symptoms in Pakistan. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 3(1), 281–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2015.1088387
Ashraf, H., Faraz, A., Raihan, M., & Kalra, S. (2020). Fighting pandemics: Inspiration from Islam. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 70(5). https://doi.org/10.5455/JPMA.34
Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: The hopelessness scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(6), 861–865. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037562
Buheji, M. (2020). Coronavirus as a global complex problem looking for resilient solutions. Business Management and Strategy, 11(1), 94. https://doi.org/10.5296/bms.v11i1.16730
Cornah, D. (2006). The impact of spirituality on mental health: A review of the literature. Great Britain: Mental Health Foundation.
Cotton, S., Kudel, I., Roberts, Y. H., Pallerla, H., Tsevat, J., Succop, P., & Yi, M. S. (2009). Spiritual well-being and mental health outcomes in adolescents with or without inflammatory Bowel disease. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(5), 485–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.09.013
D’Souza, R. (2002). Do patients expect psychiatrists to be interested in spiritual issues? Australasian Psychiatry, 10(1), 44–47. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1665.2002.00391.x
Khan, Z. H., Watson, P. J., & Chen, Z. (2016). Muslim spirituality, religious coping, and reactions to terrorism among Pakistani university students. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(6), 2086–2098. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0263-2
King, U. (2017). Spirituality. In J. R. Hinnells (Ed.), A New Handbook of Living Religions (667–681). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405166614.ch18
Koenig, H. G. (2010). Spirituality and mental health. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/aps.239
Koenig, H. G., Pargament, K. I., & Nielsen, J. (1998). Religious coping and health status in medically Ill hospitalized older adults. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186(9), 513–521. https://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Abstract/1998/09000/Religious_Coping_and_Health_Status_in_Medically.1.aspx
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164
Mizuno, Y., Hofer, A., Suzuki, T., Frajo-Apor, B., Wartelsteiner, F., Kemmler, G., Saruta, J., …, & Uchida, H. (2016). Clinical and biological correlates of resilience in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A cross-sectional study. Schizophrenia Research, 175(1), 148–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.04.047
Monette, M. (2012). The medicine of the prophet. CMAJ, 184(12), E649–E650. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.109-4228
Mystakidou, K., Tsilika, E., Parpa, E., Pathiaki, M., Patiraki, E., Galanos, A., & Vlahos, L. (2007). Exploring the relationships between depression, hopelessness, cognitive status, pain, and spirituality in patients with advanced cancer. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 21(3), 150–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2007.02.002
Ozawa, C., Suzuki, T., Mizuno, Y., Tarumi, R., Yoshida, K., Fujii, K., Hirano, J., …, & Uchida, H. (2017). Resilience and spirituality in patients with depression and their family members: A cross-sectional study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 77, 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.06.002
Russinova, Z., Wewiorski, N. J., & Cash, D. (2002). Use of alternative health care practices by persons with serious mental illness: Perceived benefits. American Journal of Public Health, 92(10), 1600–1603. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.92.10.1600
Sajid, I. (29 June 2020). Pakistan COVID-19 cases top 206,000. Retrieved on 29 June 2020 from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/pakistan-covid-19-cases-top-206-000/1893145
Saqlain, M., Munir, M. M., Ahmed, A., Tahir, A. H., & Kamran, S. (2020). Is Pakistan prepared to tackle the coronavirus epidemic? Drugs & Therapy Perspectives, 36(5), 213–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40267-020-00721-1
Schuster, M. A., Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Collins, R. L., Marshall, G. N., Elliott, M. N., Zhou, A. J., …, & Berry, S. H. (2001). A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. New England Journal of Medicine, 345(20), 1507–1512. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200111153452024
Sohail, M. M. (2020). Belief in God’s help during hepatitis c: A qualitative study on muslim patients in Pakistan. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(2), 928–945. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0700-5
Talib, M. A. & Abdollahi, A. (2017). Spirituality moderates hopelessness, depression, and suicidal behavior among Malaysian adolescents. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(3), 784–795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0133-3
Tepper, L., Rogers, S. A., Coleman, E. M., & Malony, H. N. (2001). The prevalence of religious coping among persons with persistent mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 52(5), 660–665. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.52.5.660
Underwood, L. G. & Teresi, J. A. (2002). The daily spiritual experience scale: Development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and preliminary construct validity using health-related data. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24(1), 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324796ABM2401_04
Wagnild, G. M. & Young, H. (1993). Development and psychometric. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2), 165–17847.
Wu, J. T., Leung, K., & Leung, G. M. (2020). Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: A modelling study. The Lancet, 395(10225), 689–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9
Zaza, C., Sellick, S. M., & Hillir, L. M. (2005). Coping with cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 23(1), 55–73. https://doi.org/10.1300/J077v23n01_04
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
