Neorealism and ASEAN States Cooperation in ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA): An Empirical Critique
Abstract
Pembentukan ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) merepresentasikan bentuk lain dari Preferential Trading Agreement (PTA). Melalui logika Neorealisme, para peneliti menjelaskan hal tersebut sebagai upaya negara-negara ASEAN untuk menanggapi kekuatan Uni Eropa, North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) dan pertumbuhan pesat negara China. Tulisan ini secara kritis melihat kembali logika Neorealisme untuk menjelaskan mengapa negara-negara ASEAN bergabung dalam AFTA dan mengapa mereka bersetuju untuk mengadopsi kerangka kerjasama perdagangan bebas, yang bersifat selektif dan gradual. Pembentukan AFTA tidak secara konsisten merefleksikan kerjasama tersebut dan Neorealisme tidak bisa menjelaskan kerangka kerjasama tersebut. Alih-alih menempatkan kekuatan (power) sebagai satu-satunya variabel independen yang relevan dan penjelasan atas sebab-akibat terbentuknya states-regime, gabungan kepentingan dan kekuatan (power) menyediakan satu set variabel yang bisa menjelaskan kerjasama antarnegara dan kerangkanya. Dari situ, kerjasama negara-negara ASEAN dalam bidang ekonomi dan perdagangan tidak hanya menjelaskan mengapa negara-negara tersebut membentuk AFTA pada tahun 1992, namun tulisan ini akan mengklarifikasi mengapa mereka bersetuju untuk mengadopsi liberalisasi perdagangan yang bersifat selektif dan gradual.
Kata kunci: Neorealisme, kerjasama negara, kerangka kerjasama, AFTA, liberalisasi selektif dan gradual, state-regime.
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