Dari Pekerja ke Wirausaha: Migrasi Internasional, Dinamika Tenaga Kerja, dan Pembentukan Bisnis Migran Indonesia di Taiwan
Abstract
This paper focuses on the issue of international migration, labor dynamics, and the emergence of independent business (self-employment or entrepreneurship) among Indonesian migrant communities in Taiwan. In addition to contribute the cultural exchange or mix of culture transnationally, the development of cross-border migration also encourages the emergence of social networks and economic activities at regional and global level. The economic dimension that has been linked to international migration issue is dynamics of social change among migrant workers who work for remittances (migrant remittances) to the self optimization (entrepreneurship migrant), that resulted one of them to the creation of one stop service for migrant needs (one stop service). Through observation and interviews conducted to Indonesian entrepreneurs of migrant communities in Taiwan, it shows that: (1) migrants entrepreneurship in recent situation is no longer as a side-job in economic activity, compared to being migrant workers themselves, (2) the financial crisis in 2009 had triggered the growing of migrants entrepreneurship significantly. Therefore, the practice of migrants entrepreneurship has shown its importance not only - to accommodate basic needs, social, and psychological migrant workers, but also to expand the dynamics of Indonesian migrant diaspora living in Taiwan, acculturation among society, speeding the trade flows between regions, and of course increasing economic prosperity among entrepreneurs and migrant workers. Although migrants-entrepreneurs in Taiwan had been criticized more or less for taking advantage the ideas of migrants needs, however this can be understood as a form of adjustment to the businesses they run. Furthermore, migrant entrepreneurship can be seen also as a form of adjustment to the economic potential and socio-cultural they experienced in Taiwan, one of which, by creating a variety of business models and maintain social networks individually or in other groups.
Keywords: international migration, Indonesian workers, entrepreneurship.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Addy, D.N., Wijkstrom, B., dan Thouez, C. 2003. “Migrant Remittances-Country of Origin Experiences: Developmental Impact and Future Prospect”. International Confrence on Migrant Remittance: London, 9-10 Oktober.
APMM (Asia Pacific Mission for Migrants). 2009. Triple Whammy: A Study on the Contemporary Situation and Problems of Indonesian Migrant Workers in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Mission for Migrants (APMM) Hongkong
Appaduray, A. 1991. “Global Ethnoscapes: Notes and Queries for a Transnational Anthropology” dalam R.G. Fox, ed. Recapturing Anthropology. Working the Present. Santa Fe, New Mexico: School of American Research Press.
Agusyanto, Ruddy. 1996. Dampak Jaringan -jaringan Sosial dalam Organisasi: Kasus PAM Jaya, DKI Jakarta. Tesis Program Pascasarjana UI.
Bagchi, Ann. D. 2001. Making Connection. A Study Among Immigrant Profesional. LFB Scholary Publishing LLC, NY.
Beckmann and Griffiths. 2005. Mobile People, Mobile Law. Expanding Legal relations In Contracting World. England: Ashgate.
Brettell, Caroline. B. 2000. “Theorizing Migration in Anthropology. The Social Construction of Network, Identities, Communities and Globalscapes” dalam Brettel&Holified. Migration Theory: Talking Across Discipline. NY&London: Routledge.
Brettell, Caroline. B. 2003. Anthropology and Migration: Esaays on Transnationalism, Ethnicity, and Identity. Oxford: Altamira Press.
Carling, J. 2004. “Policy Options for Increasing the Benefits of Remittances”, http://www.gdrc.org
Chandra, Deyantono. 2006. Aku Terjebak di Taipei City. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak.
Cheng, Shu-Ju Ada. 1996. “Migrant Women Domestic Workers in Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan: A comparative Analysis”, Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 5(I).
Curson, Peter. 1981. “Population Geography”, A Journal Of Association Of Population Geographer Of India, Volume 3
Dollinger, M. J. 2003. Entrepreneurship: Strategies and resources (3rd edition). NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Durand, Jorge and Douglas S. Massey eds., 2005. Crossing the Border: Research from the Mexican Migration Project. New York: Russel Sage Foundation.
Faist, Thomas. 2000. The Volume and Dynamics of International Migration and Transnational Social Spaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Foster, David. 1999. “Migrants Wait in Jail While Status Checked.” Portsmouth Herald, 7 November, 1.
Goss, Jon and Bruce Lindquist. 1995. “Conceptualizing International Labour Migration: A Structuration Perspective”, International Migration Review, Volume 29, No. 2, The Centre For Migration Studies Inc.
Gurak, Douglas T. and Fe Caces. 1992. “Migration Networks and the Shaping of Migration Systems,” International Migration Systems: A Global Approach, eds. Mary Kritz et al. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Haris, Abdul Haris. 2002. Memburu Ringgit Membagi Kemiskinan: Fakta di Balik Migrasi Orang Sasak ke Malaysia. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Harvey, D. 1989. The Urban Experience. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Hong, Jon-Chao etc. 2005. Foreign Workers in Taiwan. National Taiwan Normal University
Higuchi, Naoto. 2010. “Migrant Networks across Borders: The Case of Brazilian Entrepreneurs in Japan”, Journal of Identity and Migration Studies, Volume 4, number 1, 2010.
Hugo, G. 1995. “International labour migration and the family: Some observations from Indonesia”, Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 4 (2-3).
ILO, 2009. Dampak krisis finansial terhadap pekerja migran Indonesia di Jawa Timur. ILO Office in Indonesia.
Jaleswari dkk. 2007. Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Pengiriman Buruh Migran Perempuan ke Malaysia. Jakarta: LIPI Press.
Jaleswari dkk. 2008. Model Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Pengiriman Buruh Migran Perempuan ke Malaysia. Jakarta: LIPI Press.
Julan, Thung. 1989. “Jaringan Sosial Elit Ekonomi etnis Cina di Indonesia: Studi Kasus Pengusaha Konstruksi di Jakarta”, Masyarakat Indonesia, XVI, No. 2.
KDEI. 2008. Data Statistik warga Negara Indonesia di Taiwan. Laporan Bidang Imigrasi Kantor Dagang dan Ekonomi Indonesia.
KDEI. 2010. Data Statistik warga Negara Indonesia di Taiwan. Laporan Bidang Imigrasi Kantor Dagang dan Ekonomi Indonesia.
Knight, R. L. 2002. “Cumberland Plateau/Ridge & Valley Region [Fall 2001]. Migrant 73 (1): 14–17
Lan, Pei-Chia. 2006. Global Cinderellas. Migrant Domestics and Newly Rich Employers in Taiwan. London: Duke University London.
Landolt, Patricia. 2001. “Salvadoran Economic Transnationalism: Embedded Strategies for Household Maintenance, Immigrant Incorpo-ration, and Entrepreneurial Expansion”, Glo-bal Networks 1.
Le, C.N. 2004. Small Businesses Asian-Nation: The landscape of Asian America. Retrieved October 20 from http://www.asian-nation.org/small-business.shtml
Lee, Everett, S. 1970. A Theory of Migration. Population Geography : A Reader. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Levitt, Peggy. 2000. “Transnational Migration and Development: A Case of Two for the Price of One?” Working Paper, Center for Migration and Development, Princeton University.
Light, I., & Bonacich, E. 1988. Immigrant Entrepreneurs: Koreans in Los Angeles. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Loveband, Anne. 2006. “Positioning the Product: Indonesian Migrant Women Workers in Contemporary Taiwan” dalam Hewison, Kevin and Young, Ken, eds, 2006. Transnational Migration and Work in Asia. London and New York: Routledge.
Mantra, Ida Bagoes. 1998. “Indonesian Labor Mobility to Malaysia (A Case Study: East Flores, West Lombok, And The Island Of Bawean)”, Paper pada National Workshop on International Migration, 9-11 Maret 1998, The Population Studies Center, UGM. Yogyakarta.
Massey, Douglas. 1990. “Social Structure, Household Strategies, and the Cumulative Causation of Migration,” Population Index, 56.
Netting et all. 1984. Households. Comparative And Historical Studies Of The Domestic Group. University of California Press.
Nuijten, Monique. 2005. Transnational Migration and The Re-Framing of Normative Values dalam Franz dan Keebet Von Benda-Beckmann (ed.). 2005, Mobile People, Mobile Law. Expanding Legal relations In Contracting World. England: Ashgate.
Omohundro, J.T. 1983. “Social Network and Business Success for the Philippine Chinese” dalam L. Lim & P. Gosling (ed.) The Chinese in South East Asia: Ethnicity and Economic Activity, Vol. 1. Singapura: Maruzen Asia.
Piore, Michael J. 1979. Birds of passage: Migrant labor and industrial societies. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Portes, Alejandro dan Leif Jensen. 1989. “The Enclave and the Entrants: Patterns of Ethnic Enterprise in Miami before and after Mariel”, American Sociological Review 54.
Portes, Alejandro dan Min Zhou. 1999. “Entrepreneurship and Economic Progress in the Nine-ties: A Comparative Analysis of Immigrants and African Americans” dalam F. D. Bean dan S. Bell-Rose. Immigration and Opportunity: Race, Ethnicity, and Employment in the United States. New York: Russell Sage.
Raharto, Aswatini, 2002. “Indonesian Female Labour Migrants: Experiences Working Overseas (A case Study Among Returned Migrant In West Java)” Dipresentaskan di IUSSP Regional Population Conference on Southeast Asia’s Population in Changing Asian Context, Bangkok, Thailand.
Ravenstein, E. G. 1989. “The Laws of Migration”. Journal of the Royal Statistical
Society, 52.
Osaki, K. 2003. “Migrant Remittances in Thailand: Economic Necessity or Social Norm?”, Journal of Population Research, 20 (2).
Setia, Resmi. 2005. Gali Tutup Lubang itu Biasa. Strategi Buruh Menanggulangi Persoalan dari Waktu ke Waktu. Bandung: Akatiga.
Saifuddin, A. F. 1999. “Keluarga dan Rumah Tangga: Satuan Penelitian dalam Perubahan Masyarakat”, Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia, Th XXIII, No. 60.
Saifuddin, A. F. 2005. “Integrasi Sosial Golongan Miskin di Perkotaan: Kajian Kasus di Jakarta”, Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia, Vol 29, No. 3.
Sassen, Saskia.1988. The Mobility of Capital and Labor: A Study in International Investment and Labor Flow. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Setiadi. 2000. “Antropologi dan Studi Migrasi Internasional”, Humaniora, No.1/2000. Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta.
Shiller, Glick. 2005. “Transnational Migration and The Re-Framing of Normative Values” dalam Franz dan Keebet Von Benda-Beckmann. Mobile People, Mobile Law. Expanding Legal relations In Contracting World. England: Ashgate
Sigur Center For Asian Studies, 2010. “Taiwan, Asia, and The Global Economic Crisis”, The Sigur Center For Asian Studies. Issue no. 8, March 2010 Asia report
Sjaastad, Larry A. 1962. “Migration and Population Growth in the Upper Midwest: 1930-1960” Study Paper No. 4 Minneapolis: Upper Midwest Research and Development Council and the University of Minnesota.
Snel dan Sterling. 2001. “Poverty, Migration, and Coping Strategies: An Introduction”, Focaal-European Journal of Anthropology, No. 38.
Sudjana, Eggi. 2009. Melepas Ranjau TKI : Strategi Pemberdayaan Buruh Migran. Jakarta: RMBooks
Sukamdi, Satriawan, dan Harris. 2005. “Impact of remittances on Indonesia Economy” dalam Aris Ananta dan Evi Nurvidya Arifin (ed.). International Migration in Southeast Asia. Singpore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Suryadinata, Leo. 1982. Dilema Minoritas Tionghoa. Jakarta: Grafiti Pers.
Tirtosudarmo, Riwanto. 2005. “The Making of a Minahasan Community in Oarai: Preliminary Research on Social Institutions of Indonesian Migrant Workers in Japan”, Intercultural Communication Institute, Kanda University of International Studies, Bulletin of Universities and Institutes, 2005.
Tsay, Ching-lung and Tsai, Pan-long. 2004. “Foreign Direct Investment and International Migration in Economic Development: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand” dalam Aris Ananta and Evi N. Arifin (ed.). International Migration in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Tienda, M. 2001. “Comparative perspectives on ethnic and immigrant entrepreneurship and business development in Chicago” Paper dipresentasikan di the Illinois Coalition for Immigrant and Refugee Rights. Retrieved September 2004. http://www.roosevelt.edu/ima/pdfs/ethnic-immigrant-entrepreneurship.pdf.
Todaro,Michael. 1976. Internal Migration In Developing Countries; A Review of Theory, Evidednce, Methodology and Research Priorities. Geneva: International Labour Organization.
Waldinger, R. 1986. “Immigrant enterprise: A critique and reformulation”, Theory and Society, 15.
Waldinger, R., Aldrich, H., Ward, R., et al. 1990. Ethnic entrepreneurs: Immigrant business in industrial societies. Newbury Park: Sage.
Yamashita, Shinji et all (ed). 2008 Transnational Migration in East Asia: Japan in a Comparative Focus. Osaka: Japan National Museum of Ethnology.
Yoo, Jin-Kyung. 1998. Korean Immigrant Entrepreneurs: Network and Ethnic Resources. New York: Garland.
Yuniarto, Paulus Rudolf. 2010. Pekerja Migran (Usahawan) Indonesia di Taiwan. Tesis Magister Program Pascasarjana Antropologi FISIP Universitas Indonesia.
Internet
Antara Sabtu, 30 April 2011. “Indonesia-Taiwan Sepakati Perbaikan Perlindungan TKI. http://www.antaranews.com/berita/256451/indonesia-taiwan-sepakati-perbaikan-perlindungan-tki
Council of Labor Affairs, Executive Yuan R.O.C. 2010. Yearbook of Labor Statistics. http://www.cla.gov.tw/cgi-bin/siteMaker/SM_theme?page=49c056e1
National Immigration Agency Taiwan. 2010. Foreign Migrant in Taiwan. http://www.immigration.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=2
Sinar Harapan. Jumat, 31 Agustus 2007. Indonesia Tetap Jadi Lokasi Ideal Investasi Taiwan. http://www.sinarharapan.co.id
Taiwan Economic Taiwan Yearbook. http://eng.stat.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=5
Suara Karya. Februari 2009. “Taiwan Alami Krisis Lebih Lama” http://www.suarakarya-online.com/news.html?id=221014
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
